To Autumn †A Proclamation of Life and Hope Essay -- Keats To Autumn E

To Autumn A Proclamation of Life and Hope The poem To Autumn is an amazing piece of work written by one of the greatest poets of all time, John Keats. From a simple reading, the poem paints a beautiful picture of the coming season. However, one may wonder if thither is more to the poem than what the words simply allege. After it is studied and topics such as fathom, diction and imagery are analyzed, one can clearly say that Keats dropd those techniques to lucubrate the progression of death, and to show that there is still life at the end of life. From the very beginning of To Autumn, sound calculates to be an important conniption of Keatss technique. When the words are studied, there is an even mixture of sporty and softening sounds. Some soft sounding words words that use amenable sounds that are soft when spoken such as an s -- include mists, close, son, bring up, mossed, and trees. There are in addition the hard sounding words words that use consonant sounds that a re loud when spoken such as a b or t -- like maturing, round, thatch, and budding. The words do not appear to be randomly used, but they seem to have a pattern the hard and soft sounds come in pairs. In the second line, we see, close warmness friend of the maturing sun. Close and bosom go together, with close being loud and soft with the hard c and soft s, and bosom being loud and soft with the b and s. The words maturing sun are not placed together haphazardly either. Maturing is a very hard word with the m and t sound sun is a very soft word, beginning with an s. Also, in the third line Keats says, Conspiring with him how to load and bless. Autumn is conspiring . . . to load (loud due to the p and d sounds) and bless (soft due to the double s soun... ...cluding lively images such as crickets singing, red breasts whistling, and swallows twittering. This ends Keats message of the vitality at the conclusion of life. Keats used the poem To Autumn to illustrate the progression of de ath and the existence of hope and life in the face of impending death. He uses sound by moving from a mixture of loud and soft words in stanza one, to mainly soft in stanza two, to a complete mixture in stanza three of soft then loud. He also uses diction and imagery by reflecting the quick and kinesthetic constitution of youth, the slow and full characteristics of the coming death, and the arrested and barren traits of death, and finally, the resounding proclamation of life and hope in the very end. Works CitedKeats, John. To Autumn. Columbia Grangers World of Poetry. CD-ROM. Rel. 2.2. New York Columbia UP, 1995.

Names and Titles in Gloria Naylors novel, Mommy, What Does Nigger Mean

Names and Titles in Gloria Naylors novel, Mommy, What Does Nigger Mean Words themselves are innocuous it is the consensus that gives them true power. (Naylor 344) A hit is a mark of classification, a basis for self identity. Able to elevate or annihilate a persons perception of herself and the surrounding society, these designations can uplift, joke, chide, mock, insult, degrade. Society implies the hatful and the atmosphere encompassing an individual in her daily life. Culture is closely tied to the society of a person--it is the aspects of her life which are directly influenced by such(prenominal) issues as race, color, nationality, religion, sexuality, and any other number of things that mark a person as distinct. Culture, though an integral part of everyones lives, is frequently misunderstood or seen as threatening by people outside of the group in question. This ignorance of other people leads to judgments and assumptions, which frequently cloud daily issues. The most ignorant people influence to name-calling, a painful slap of hatred. Stereotypical, racist, religious, and sexist name calling, especially, can affect the victims views and opinions for life. Most vulnerable to these taunts are children, innocent and uncallused, who hear these names and know incomplete their true meanings nor the depth of senseless hatred behind them. As shown by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Gloria Naylor, these labels can be taken in and their meanings rendered harmless. By prehend and possessing these hateful words, a group can reshape the meaning of the slurs once wielded so forcefully against them. In Gloria Naylors novel, Mommy, What Does Nigger Mean? she tells of her experience as a young child called a ni... ...round the family. While terms such as nigger remain excruciatingly prevalent in todays society, victims of racist slurs have entrap healthy ways of dealing with the abuse. By projecting new meanings onto old words and focusing on the ever-changing names for African Americans for reassurance, the victims strengths allow them to reroute hate, sooner creating a more positive recognition of intelligence, beauty, and individuality. Works Cited Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Whats in a Name? Some Meanings of Blackness. American Mosaics Multicultural Readings in Context. Eds. Barabara Roche and Sandra Mano. capital of Massachusetts Houghton Milfflin. 1996. 424-38. Naylor, Gloria. Mommy, What Does Nigger Mean? New World of Literature Writings from Americas Many Cultures, second edition. Eds. Jerome Beatty and J. Paul Hunter. New York Norton. 1994. 344-7.

Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect Essay -- Climate Change Envi

Global Warming and the Greenhouse EffectHuman induced climate change resulting from an enhanced greenhouse effect is belike the greatest environmental threat facing the world today. Specifically, the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide may be classified as the immemorial culprit. As a result of greenhouse gases entering the upper levels of the priming coats atmosphere, it diminishes or breaks down the earths Ozone layer. With this loss of this protective blanket, harmful radioactive rays from the sun enter the deeper into the earths atmosphere. This creates a rise in the overall temperature of our planet, along with alterations in the global environment, ecosystems and way of life for the habitants of earth.The earth like any body in space cools and warms until button inputs from solar radiation and outputs from natural radiation are balanced. Greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere from human activities trap some of the energy radiating from the earth, incre asing the temperature at which the earth creates energy balance. Based on a study by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) done in the early 1990s, approximately 65% of human induced greenhouse gases contributed to global warming. Over 80% of the increased atmospheric concentrations of harmful gases since the industrial revolution have been causes by industrial countries. payable to recent outsourcing and manufacturing market transfers, Asia and Latin America are regions where harmful emissi...

Plath’s Daddy Essays: Loss and Trauma -- Daddy Essays

Loss and Trauma in Plaths Daddy In addition to the anger and violence, Daddy is also pervaded by a strong sense of loss and trauma. The repeated You do not do of the first sentence suggests a speaker that is still battling a truth she only deep has been forced to accept. After all, this is the same persona who in an earlier poem spends her hours attempting to reconstruct the broken pieces of her colossus father. After 30 years of labor she admits to being none the wiser and married to shadow, only she remains faithful to her calling. With Daddy not only is the futility of her former efforts acknowledged, but the conditions that forced them upon her are manically denounced. At the same time, and this seems to fire her fury, she admits to her own willing self-deception. The father whom she previously related to the Oresteia and the Roman Forum is now revealed as a panzer man with a Meinkampf look. But she doesnt simply stop at her own complicity. Every woman, she announces loves a Fascist/The boot in the face, the brute/Brute heart of ...

SURREALISM AND T.S. ELIOT :: essays research papers

Surrealism is a dangerous word to use about the poet, dramatist and critic T.S. Eliot, and certainly with his first major work, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock ". Eliot wrote the poem, after all, years before Andre Breton and his compatriots began defining and practicing "surrealism" proper(a). Andre Breton published his first "Manifesto of Surrealism" in 1924, septenary years after Eliots publication of "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock". It was this manifesto which defined the movement in philosophical and psychological terms. Moreover, Eliot would later show indifference, incomprehension and at propagation hostility toward surrealism and its precursor Dada. Eliots favourites among his French contemporaries werent surrealists, but were rather the figures of St. John Perse and Paul Verlaine, among others. This does not mean Eliot had nothing in common with surrealist poetry, but the facts that two Eliot and the Surrealists owed much to Char les Baudelaires can perhaps best explain any similarity "strangely evocative explorations of the symbolic suggestions of objects and images." Its unusual, sometimes startling juxtapositions often characterize surrealism, by which it tries to transcend logic and habitual thinking, to reveal deeper levels of meaning and of unconscious associations. Although scholars might not classify Eliot as a Surrealist, the surreal beautify, defined as "an tone-beginning to express the workings of the subconscious mind by images without order, as in a dream " is exemplified in "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.""Prufrock presents a symbolic landscape where the meaning emerges from the mutual interaction of the images, and that meaning is enlarged by echoes, often heroic," of other writers. The juxtapositions mentioned earlier are evident even at the poems opening, which begins on a rather sombre note, with a nightmarish passage from Dantes Inferno. The main cha racter, Guido de Montefeltro, confesses his sins to Dante, assuming that "none has constantly returned alive from this depth" this "depth" being Hell. As the subscriber has never experienced death and the passage through the Underworld, he must rely on his own imagination (and/or subconscious) to place a proper reference onto this cryptic opening. Images of a landscape of fire and brimstone come to mind as do images of the two characters sharing a surprisingly passing(a) conversation amid the chaos and the flame. The nightmarish theme continues as the reader explores the wet, cold and hostile streets of the city, a city which seems to many readers to be on the verge of reality, without ever crossing the line.

SURREALISM AND T.S. ELIOT :: essays research papers

Surrealism is a dangerous word to use about the poet, playwright and novice T.S. Eliot, and certainly with his first major work, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock ". Eliot wrote the poem, after all, days before Andre Breton and his compatriots began defining and practicing "surrealism" proper. Andre Breton published his first "Manifesto of Surrealism" in 1924, seven years after Eliots publication of "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock". It was this manifesto which defined the movement in philosophical and psychological terms. Moreover, Eliot would later show indifference, incomprehension and at times antipathy toward surrealism and its precursor Dada. Eliots favourites among his French contemporaries werent surrealists, but were quite an the figures of St. John Perse and Paul Verlaine, among others. This does not mean Eliot had nothing in common with surrealist poetry, but the facts that both Eliot and the Surrealists owed very much to Charle s Baudelaires can perhaps best explain any similarity "strangely evocative explorations of the symbolic suggestions of objects and images." Its unusual, sometimes startling juxtapositions often characterize surrealism, by which it tries to lapse logic and habitual thinking, to reveal deeper levels of content and of unconscious associations. Although scholars might not classify Eliot as a Surrealist, the surreal landscape, defined as "an attempt to draw out the workings of the subconscious mind by images without order, as in a dream " is exemplified in "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.""Prufrock presents a symbolic landscape where the meaning emerges from the mutual interaction of the images, and that meaning is enlarged by echoes, often heroic," of other writers. The juxtapositions mentioned earlier are evident even at the poems opening, which begins on a rather sombre note, with a nightmarish passage from Dantes Inferno. The main character, Gu ido de Montefeltro, confesses his sins to Dante, assuming that "none has ever returned alive from this depth" this "depth" being Hell. As the reader has neer experienced death and the passage through the Underworld, he must rely on his own imagination (and/or subconscious) to place a proper quote onto this cryptic opening. Images of a landscape of fire and brimstone come to mind as do images of the two characters sharing a surprisingly casual talk amid the chaos and the flame. The nightmarish theme continues as the reader explores the wet, cold and hostile streets of the city, a city which seems to many readers to be on the verge of reality, without ever go through the line.

How Do the Major Theories of Child Development Essay

Social experiences play a vital share in the set aboutment of sisterren. Theories of child knowledge have been created to help us to understand how childrens minds develop, taking into account the differences betwixt cultures around the world. Some of these theories explore the possibility that children gain knowledge, develop new concepts and bridge new ideas by interaction with experience and cognitive synopsista. Some theories explore the supposition that education also plays a role in kindly experience.There ar many theories of development, merely some are more influential and have inspired a lot of research. There are quad important contrasting theories of child development that non only help us to understand child development as a whole, but also assist us in the understanding of the role of sociable experiences in child development. These cardinal theories of development are often referred to as the golden theories as they cover all aspects of child developmen t, not just specific parts.The four grande theories are behaviourist scheme, the kind scholarship model, constructivist theory, and social constructivist theory. This essay pass on discuss and outling the four main theories of development, compare and contrast some of the concepts of the main theories, then discuss whether or not the theory is able to explain the role of social experiences in child development. Behaviourism employ to be the most dominant theory in psychology finishedout the 1950s and 1960s.The evidence provided by the behaviourist experimental technique has been was very important to the discipline of psychology, and many of the theories have stood up to the test of time. Behaviourist psychologists such as were Ivan Pavlov, John Watson and B. F. Skinner. They used techniques such as conditioning (classical conditioning and operand conditioning) to explore the theories of child development. The behaviourist view on child development is that children lift up by conditioning, which means that childrens behaviour is affected by a series of rewards and punishments.This culture theory suggests that children are not combat-ready voice in the process of development it is as though they are allowing themselves to be shaped by agents in the environment around them, such as teachers and parental models. One criticism of the behaviourist approach is its inability to explain the role of social experiences in child development. This is because behaviourism is primarily focused on experimental and scientific methods, and it is limited in the respect that it does not take into account aspects of human nature which can not be measured by the experimental method alone.Emotions and feelings require can not be fully understood by observation alone it requires a certain degree of introspection. The behaviourist model has explained some very important aspects of cognative development and learning, but more recent theories have sh stimulate that the shap ing of a childs mind is far more complex than conditioning alone. In the 1960s, the social learning model was created and it was proposed that children learn through simply observing other people around them. Role models are an important part of the social learning model.Research has shown that children will often imitate aggression that they have witnessed through watching other people (Liebert et al. , 1977). This is in contrast with the behaviourist learning theory that children learn through reward and punishment. In 1965, Bandura conducted a study where he explored the hypothesis that children can experience social learning without conditioning. He argued that while children learn by observing and mimicking others, they are also extracting concepts and ideas from what they are observing, and making sense of situations on their own.This is in contrast to the behaviourist view that children are not active agents in their own learning. One criticism of this research is that while this is an insight into how children learn by observation, it tells us very little about the cognitive processes and the development of social schemata. The constructivist view of development was formed by Piaget in the 1920s and 30s. Jean Piagets stage theory suggests that there are four stages of development that every child will experience and progress through, regardless of culture.Piaget also developed the concept of schemata, and the theory that children gained knowledge through interaction between experiences and schematic concepts. Piagets theory is contrary to the behaviourist model as he believed that through observation, children construct their own understanding of the world, based on their own experiences and prior knowledge. Piaget believed that this type of learning was more influential than instruction from a teacher or caregiver. Piaget and Binet conducted research into the role of cognitive schema and its date in the process of learning.They carried out an experim ent where they conducted a series of intelligence tests on both children and adults. From this research, Piaget found that children and adults look at the world differently, which as a result causes children to build upon their own schemata on their own term. This is because their reasoning differs from that of adults, so they need to make sense of the world using their own rational. Piaget emphasised the grandness of interaction with peers in development.Children learn through socialising with one another, and surprisingly they do not appear to benefit in the same way from fall into place with Adults. Piaget reasoned that children benefit from exposing one another to conflicting perspectives, which causes them to adapt and develop their cognitive schema. This development does not occur when children are in contact with adults, as they see adults as authority figures, and thus would be willing to accept an adult viewpoint without questioning it, which does not allow them to form ne w ideas or critique old ideas.The fourth and final theory of development that will be discussed is the social constructivism theory. This theory is similar to the constructivist theory as it proposes that children are active agents in their own learning and development. The social constructivism theory extends the constructivism model by introducing the roles of other agents, and by emphasising the role of interaction in the process of learning.The constructive theory places emphasis on social interaction as an important tool in cognitive development, and that schema are formed by children mostly through social interaction, not just through creating the ideas on their own . Vygotsky was a social constructivist whose theories can be contrasted with Piagets contructivist theories. Piaget believed that children are the main agents in evolution their own knowledge and cognitive schemata about the things they have experiences in the environment.In contrast, Vygotsky placed more emphasis on the development of social schemata through the internalization of social interactions using cultural tools such as language and expressions. The social constructivist model can be contrasted with social learning theories because it emphasises interaction with people and the environment, and compose less emphases on observation. It can also be contrasted with behaviourism as the theory does not appear to value the possible effects of reward and punishment.The main differences between Vygotskys and Piagets theories is that Vygotsky believed that children play the most important part in shaping their cognitive development, which is in contrast to Piagets theory of the four universal stages of development. Vygotsky did not incorporate stages of development into his theory, and instead tended to focus on more social factors and role of language and other social tools. Vigotskys (1978) social constructivist approach was able to explore the social influences on cognitive development.P iagets theory was more focused on children creating new knowledge and cognitive schema through their own self exploration. Crain (2000) believed that some theories focus too much on learning by instruction, and that children were able to learn on their own and through social interaction, so it it important to allow them to explore this in order for them to be active, imaginative and childish. However other theories have suggested that if the process of learning under instruction is left too late then it may be too late to teach children more dult styles of thinking and reasoning.The social learning theory is possibly the model that places the least emphases on social experiences out of the four primary learning theories. The social part of the theory is the process of learning through observation. This theory does not place much emphasis on how social experiences relate to the development of cognitive schema, or how cognitive schemata facilitate social experiences. Children gain kno wledge and bridge pathways through simply watching others in the environment around them.It can be seen from the descriptions of the four main theories of development that not all of them take into account of the role of social experiences in child development. They all appear to make valid claims about the different ways in which children develop complex ideas about the world. From studying these four theories, it seems as though children develop through many different means. Internal structures, role models, and traditional teachings in school, all play an important role in shaping a childs development. Social interaction is possibly equaly as important, if not more important in facilitating normal development in children.

Discussing Business and Communications

When someone mentions the word discourse, ones thoughts turn to a newspaper, the radio, television, or another more than common means of mass-type communication. One does not usually make the connection between communication and other institutions such as worry. Good line of patronage, however, goes hand in hand with thoroughly communication. Good managers and professionals realize that the ability to communicate is not a silly frill its a necessity that helps all procure their work (Murphy 2). Therefore the question is often posed Are these problems of poor communication theory that face managers and professionals becoming more and more critical?The evidence suggests the reaction to be yes- these problems be serious and are growing more and more serious everyday. John O. Morris, a Management Communications Consultant consolidates this problem into a single statement called the Morris Maxim. It states that Communications problems grow much faster in any organization than th e organization itself grows (Morris 3). This maxim emphasizes the need for better communication in organizations such as big business through the implication of what would happen if that organization did not fix its structure to better handle compound magnitude communication needs.However, before quite a littleing with a solution to the problem of communication in business, (frequently dubbed business speak) it is important to understand how big business operates. Big business was created in the mid-1800s to organize corporations such as the railroad, oil and steel industries. At that time, the only other organizations that had a similar size and structure were the papistical Catholic Church and the United States Army. These organizations are extremely authoritative in nature, and use a system of hierarchical communication.This translates into a business organization/communication style which is basically condescending in nature and is based primarily on status . Business speak is often straight, to the point, and beneficial to the individual public speaking first, and to others second. This shows its hierarchical origins in that very often, the speaker is one who will use one or more power strategies, mostly the perception that someone keep inflict negative consequences.Other issues in business communications include lack of responsibility in the upper ranks of the hierarchy, lack of training in good communications for the majority of employees, and lack of honest, direct conversation between business and its customers. These problems need to be fixed for a business to truly succeed, and back tooth be fixed if managers and high-ranking officials take the initiative and implement a few simple and straightforward techniques into their business styles. Current problems facing business communications deal mainly with the apparent lack of functional inter-level communication.That is, communication employees as headspring as customers can understand. One of the main reasons behind this lack of understandable communication is that there are some many ways to avoid good communication and maintain the status quo for the short term. These mostly pertain to issues brought to a company from outside sources. These include letters of complaint, inquiries from government bodies such as the Federal Trade Commission, and published evaluations (i. e. editorials, product reviews).Instead of addressing these issues head-on and dealing with them, companies are more wish wellly to dodge responsibility. There are 2 main ways to dodge accountability denial and evasion of responsibility (Benoit, 90). In exploitation denial, a corporation or employee refuses any wrong-doing, and usually transfers blame to another company or employee, often one that is lower on the corporate rill. This is similar to evasion of responsibility, which often names scapegoats. In addition to that, evasion tactics often claim that any wrong-doing was an accident, or that th e intentions behind their actions were good.These tactics accord for excuses to be made and for responsibility to be forgotten. Lastly, some companies will refuse to accept any wrongdoing, and simply fix the problem. This was the case when Tylenol was accused of allowing their ware to be tampered by not putting a safety seal on their products bottle. This prompted Tylenols executives to start sealing their bottles, except they never accepted responsibility for not sealing them in the first place (Benoit 92). This is just one example of a company distancing itself from blame.In regularise for there to be good communication, corporations must begin accepting responsibility for their actions, and begin making sound business decisions based on what the customer wants and needs. This would be most advantageously served with clear communication between a company and its customers. On the whole, communications between companies and customers are based on a need to k today basis. There are exceptions to this rule, however. One company has done an increasingly good job in maintaining good communications lines with its customers.Intel, Inc. s a computer micro-processor firm that controls over 90% of the computer chip-set industry (Yahoo Tech Headlines). In their annual report, Intels pass on executives announced the creation of a sort of R&D lab and strategic think tank to the industry in which we (will) work with PC makers, software developers and PC users to understand their emerging needs and wishes, and work intensely with industry leaders to develop products or specifications that meet those needs. In doing so, Intel has opened a direct link to its customers, allowing for direct customer impact on some of Intels worry and directional decisions.However, even the most open and direct company is not without its business speak. The following was taken from the same annual report, under the heading Taking responsibility for our own growth We know we cant wait for growth to issue to us. We are responsible for our own future and work to make it as successful as possible by removing roadblocks to PC platform growth, developing mouthful for the Intel Inside(R) brand among PC users and supporting emerging PC markets around the world. Together, these strategies build value for our stockholders, which is, after all, our most important goal.While this may look like a positive, non-aggressive statement, one finds a different meaning when looking at it from a business speak point of view. The most obvious example of business speak is the phrase removing roadblocks to PC platform growth. Basically stated, Intel wants to buyout or take-over any companies that might stand in the way of allowing Intel to control the industry. If Intel were to come honorable-hand(a) out and say this, there would be massive investigations from government and consumer groups that would plague Intel for years.Therefore, by tailoring what they tell their customers and sto ckholders, they are dodging a bullet and enforcing a hierarchical position over its customers and stockholders. However, customers are not the only ones often left in the dark on business decisions. Sometimes, even high ranking officials are not consulted and are left to adapt to a change they had no say in. Such was the case with mob Bennett, CEO of Picadilly Cafeterias, Inc. In 1986, then chief financial officer Bennett sat in a meeting and listened as Picadillys CEO announced plans to change the recipes of some of their most popular items.These changes were to be unannounced and were never tested or approved internally. There was no communication between the CEO and the company. pack Bennett quit later that week and Picadillys sales plummeted from $11 a share to $6 (Forbes, 63). In 1992, Bennett was back in action, this time as CEO. He began a comprehensive overhaul that brought back the good home cooking that was the Picadilly tradition. Im just going back to ways that have c ease littlely worked (Forbes, 63). Those ways included clear communication between customer and company, as well as between employer and employee.That difference has translated into profit shares in Picadilly are now worth $14 a piece (Forbes 64). He proved that a business can not be run on a spreadsheet alone. experience in the area of communication, even if at the most elementary level is one of the key factors in a successful employment history. In a survey of 13,586 of its college graduates, General Electric Company found that the great majority of its employees cited written and verbal communication as the college training that had contributed most to their success in business (Zelko 7).It for this reason that many colleges have reported an increase in enrollment in communications classes. In addition to college courses, companies are now start-off to take the initiative and teach their current employees communications skills. This in-service of sorts can be accomplished very efficiently if a few guidelines are met. These include the government of an informal and permissive climate, the establishment of the value and importance of the training, and world-wide across-the-board participation- that is, contributions to the group from all of its members (Zelko, 8).These guidelines ensure that the environment will be right to help educate the employee that is not versed in communication. This training can be a catalyst in the growth of a business, as well as helping to create a work-friendly environment that encourages productivity (Murphy 9). The American Management Association calls the ability to communicate a vital skill of management, and declare that progressive companies now recognize (this ability). It is important to improve not only downward communication , but upward(a) communication as well. determine of good downward communication include the ability to help a managers authority to be accepted, an evocation of cooperation that helps to solve p roblems, and a general expression of a more friendly atmosphere that builds morale everywhere (Murphy 281). Values of enhanced upward communication include the ability to forewarn top management of employees reaction to policies, clarification of directives, and ability to offer valuable ideas to supervisors (Murphy 281). These values can help improve business exponentially, mostly collectible to the combined efforts of employees and their supervisors.When upward and downward communication has been established, the major problems dealing with communications in business will be eliminated. The hierarchy that is big business will become less prominent, and the business will function much better. A basic analogy that sums up hierarchical structure in business is this- when times are rough, a car that uses both the front and rear tires to move will make out better than a car that uses just the front wheels. Business should be considered a vehicle that has four-wheel drive, not a vehicl e with front-wheel drive.In conclusion, communicating in business is one of the leading restraints that a corporation has to deal with in its advancement up the ladder of success. However, if a business chooses to hone its ability to communicate and increase the level of productivity due to the sharing of ideas all across the corporate ladder, employee and consumer alike will share the increase in quality of a business products, be it computer microprocessors, or cafeteria food. In short, good communication makes good business.

Thomas Gordon’s Concept of “Twelve Roadblocks to Effective Communication”

The objective of communication is to obtain a close rapport between interlocutors. If the goal is reached, it is easier to tackle with the encountered problem. This is the way how Thomas Gordon, the author of the bestseller refer Effectiveness Training (1970, New York), perceives the role of good listening. In order to focus readers attention on fundamental mistakes people make, he listed twelve coarse types of ineffective responses.These are so called Twelve Roadblocks to Effective Communication or, playfully, The Dirty Dozen. Gordon claims that they act as communication barriers because they interrupt the process of solving the problem, whereas our verbal support should be limited to direct partners thoughts until the partner comes up with the solution. What is more, instead of encouraging, these responses carry a harmful meaning which is often unintentional.On the base of what kind of hidden message they convey, those twelve roadblocks can be divided into five groups utteranc es that communicate intolerance, ones of inadequacies and faults, ones that deny there is a problem, ones solving the problem for the person and the last ones which divert the person from the problem. The first group consist of responses that tell our interlocutor that we do not accept his or her point of view. Responses like ordering, directing or commanding communicate that your partners needs are being ignored.Warning or threatening may cause resentment, anger, resistance and rebellion. Giving advice (shoulds and oughts), fashioning suggestions, providing solutions produces a situation when the helper thinks he or she is superior to the other person. Additionally, responses involving persuading with logic, arguing, lecturing and moralizing, preaching, telling them their duty assure your partner of their low self-esteem and depart bring counter-arguments. Judging, criticizing, disagreeing, blaming and shaming, ridiculing, labeling, name-calling, stereotyping go together.These r esponses obviously make the partner smack incompetent and inadequate. In effect, there is no place for effective communication. Nevertheless, replies including Interpreting and analyzing plays the same role. A group of roadblocks that deny there is a problem comprises such responses as reassuring, sympathizing, consoling as well as agreeing, approving and praising. Making your partner feel better, instead of listening, does not have a desired effect in a helping relationship. It simply ends the struggle with the problem, for example Youve done the right issue.Next group goes for responses that solve the problem for the partner. At first glance, there is nothing devastating in questioning and probing. However, one should ask right questions. Questions like wherefore? , Where? , Who? , When? may occur too deep and messy. Withdrawing, distracting, humoring, changing the subject belong to the last category. Responses, such as , Lets talk about that around other time or That reminds me of, diminish the problem and make your partner feel unimportant. Therefore, there is little chance to pursued the problem. It will be postponed and never solved.

What Integrity Means

The term legality is considered polysemantic meaning it has a number of different meanings. Integrity is the most important terms use in virtue ethics, medicament, philosophy, for example. Integrity is used in the scientific and technological fields. Therefore, this term is often puzzling and perplexing. Often, throng use integrity as a synonym to moral trying to show that mortal is acting with integrity. However, researchers noted that batch of integrity may act vilely, even if they are unaware of their immoral actions.Firstly, modern world suggests that any somebody is subjected to many conflicting desires and situations. Thus, integrity is defined as the ability to make reasonable and valid judgments, conclusions about the wideness and necessity of particular commitments. Integrity suggests that a person should act out of the strongest desire and with deliberation to choose between more than or less worthy actions. In other words, integrity always suggests discriminating between important desires. For example, a student may discard studying preferring go to the party.In such(prenominal) situation student is not a person of integrity as higher order desire was endorsed over fun. Person of integrity realizes the importance of first-order desires and he wont fall victim to conflicting desires. Further, integrity is defined as ability to resist genuine temptation meaning that a person is ready successful integrate the egotism. Secondly, in computer and related sciences integrity means that computer database is able to maintain power and resist to errors, integrity of defense mechanism systems suggests that system isnt breached.Thirdly, in music, musical work has integrity if its musical structure is provided with completeness which is coordinated and has related music ideas. Simply saying, integrity in music means that music piece is whole, intact and pure. Fourthly, Integrity is associated with geography. Then, people may think of integrity of wilder ness region, different existing ecosystems, art kinds and forms, and even people may think of computerized integrity. Integrity is applied mostly to the objects and it suggests the qualities of purity and wholeness an object.These meanings are often applied to people. Speaking about regions, integrity means that a region isnt corrupted by negative effects of development and its advances. Region of integrity suggests wilderness and uncorrupted or virgin. Finally, intellectual, professional and artistic integrity are often spoken about. Nevertheless, integrity has order its application mostly in philosophy meaning humans general character. In philosophy, when a person acts with integrity on a particular occasion it means that integrity is explained as broader feature of person character.There is a claim that person should possess integrity. Integrity suggests that a person is in harmony with himself, that he acts either morally or immorally. It means that integrity is applied equally to people things because integrity suggests a way to keep the self uncorrupted. Integrity is often associated with commitment, and some researchers stress that the term commitment is used to cover intentions and promises of human expectations and, what is more important, human trusts.It means that any person may be committed to different kinds of things at the same time. Such person is integrated person. Summing up, integrity is found in many aspects of humans life. Integrity is defined as personal virtues meaning that persons ability to take care of the self shows whether a person is integrated. Moreover, persons of integrity treat equally other peoples matters. Abilities to overcome temptation and to subordinate first-order and second-order desires are considered the keys for a person to be considered of integrity.

Demographic and Environmental Timeline- Italy Essay

Historical ChangesDefeat and abdication of Napoleon Formation of the Congress of Vienna. let & decease RatesDeath order and birth rates were both high and fluctuated rapidly according to natural events, such as drought and disease, to produce a relatively constant and recent population. Stage 21900Environmental ImpactsEnvironmentally, the impact hasnt really began, however, the building and determination of coal operated factories has begun a slow rise in air befoulment as well as in the water run-off.Historical Changes The Industrial Revolution began and that encouraged progression into this stage. There was more urbanization, which encouraged families to be created. (Pearson Education, 2013)Birth & Death RatesThis stage leads to a fall in death rates and an increase in population Stage 31948Environmental ImpactsThe use of fracking is beginning throughout all of Italy, and most European countries, therefore beginning issues with fertilesoil and water tributaries.Historical Chang es Italy joined the Axis powers in homo War II, falling into a bloody Civil War in 1943, with the Fascist faction finally defeated in the spring of 1945.Birth & Death RatesThe population moves towards stability through a decline in the birth rate. Stage 41970Environmental ImpactHydraulic Fracturing is still creation used as a way to increase flow rate of natural resources. This practice has been accused of killing animals. (Krishna, 2012)Historical Changes Italy became an integral member of NATO and the European Economic CommunityChanging Population SizesPopulation at this time is beginning to stabilize.Birth & Death RatesBirth and Death rates are both low, leading to a total population which is high and stable. Stage 52000Italy is still in Stage 4.ReferencesKrishna, K. (2012, March 7). Study suggests hydro-fracking is killing levy animals, pets Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved September 16, 2014, from http//www.news.cornell.edu/stories/March12/FrackingAnimals.html Pearson Educatio n. (2013, October 3). Italy History, Geography, Government, & Culture Infoplease.com. Retrieved September 16, 2014, from http//www.infoplease.com/country/italy.html?pageno=1

Four year strategic plan for Erie Capsim Company Essay

The four year strategical image exit focus on key drivers of the industry, factors determining future of the familiarity, industry attractiveness, and its competitive environment. Each dent contains detailed subsections which clearly defines the strategic plan. The plan uses 2009 data and our four year plan runs up to 2013.1.1 Driving ForcesIn this industry there ar many driving forces. Our top management uses the concept of driving forces to reach consensus on what strategic area represents the industries current driving force.1.1.1 Research and DevelopmentOur company will be introducing a new High shutdown product every year. In addition we will reposition our performance and size segment products into our initial targeted sections. This will enable a stream or products declinationd up along the High End, traditional, and Low end sections. In addition we will allow present traditional section products to become a Low End section product so as to create room for segment dri ft. The company will later introduce a new product to the High End and will finally have four products each in the Low, Traditional, and High end sections during those four days. This way the company will present to clients products in line with their perfect procedure for age, reli expertness, and positioning. Also the company endeavors to sustain its existing product line, ensure presence in each section, and strive to sustain its products in the side by side(p) four years in spite high levels of automation.1.1.2 MarketingMarketing is another main driving force. At first our company will start out to keep pace with the accessibility and awareness of immediate competitors products. Ideally we will be revisiting our status every year for the adjacent four years to determine whether promotion and sales budgets should be sized or if the company will continue matching that of competitors. Generally our company will brook products at reduced prices. Also for these four years our com pany is planning to spend aggressively in sales and promotion in targeted sections Low, Traditional, and High sections. In this light every client will have known our superb designs for the next four years. Basically, we are planning simplify logistics involved in identifying products by customers. After defining the companys cost leadership position, we will reconsider the companys situation to explore alternatives to enhance accessibility and awareness.1.1.3 productionSignificantly our company will significantly increase automation levels on all products in the next four years. Since automation limits the companys ability to reposition its products in line with R&D, we will edge our automation process in the Low and Traditional sections in the next two years and then High end section during the last two years. Our company will ensure capacity building to meet the generated demand. In the first one-half we will reposition our brands. However, in the last half we will evaluate way s of increasing in automation levels to enhance margins as well as repositioning products and sustaining sections as they traverse the perceptual map.1.1.4 FinanceThe nature of our industry allows it to daltogether funds from a wide source. During the first half the company will finance its investments mainly through bond issues supplementing with stock offers following an as needed basis. For last half, the company will develop a divided insurance policy and start to retire stock. The company is not adverse to leverage and expectation is that we will sustain debt/equity ratio at 2.0-3.0.1.2 Future key triumph factorsFactors for success in our company include1.2.1 ConcentrationOur company will concentrate on Low, Traditional, and High end sections. This will keep production costs, raw material costs, and R&D costs to a minimum. Also company product lifecycle concentration will enable us to reap sales for the next four years on each of the four new products to be introduced into Hi gh end section.1.2.2 Brand realisation and awarenessThe company will obligate presence in every section. We will endeavor to ensure a competitive edge by differentiating our products. This will be done through glorious design, easy accessibility, and high awareness during first half. In the other half, the company will initiate a competent R&D that ensures fresh and provoke designs. growths will be in line with the market needs, presenting enhanced performance and size.1.3 Attractiveness of industry and competitive environment1.3.1 Factors making the industry attractiveseveral(prenominal) factors make our company to be attractive. These are factors that will determine how far our company can remain still. These include Reliable products will ensure products which are reliable to mainstream clients and brands that offer value. Premium products our company offers good products and brands that will stand the test of time. Low price the company offers products at reduced prices . Its brands offer secure value. Easy technology our products are reliable even to low technology customers1.3.2 factors making the industry unattractive Funding the market is unpredictable and there acquire enough financial support is a problem Extensive research product sustainability requires an extensive research. This adds to cost by way of experts and professionals.1.3.3 special industry issues/problems Product presence our company plans to maintain a competitive advantage by ensuring presence in every section. Unrelenting focus concentration ensures brand recognition which leads to unique opportunity over competitors. Substitutes the company is likely to suffer incase substitutes flood market, particularly during last half. New entrants during the first two years the company will enjoy monopoly but in last two years entrants are likely to enter the market.1.3.4 Profit outlookThe company currently is enjoying a profit margin of 20%. This strategic plan aims to grow the prof it by additional 10% for first two years and another 15% in the last two years.

Failure Turned Into Success

Brandon Miller John Delano ITM 1900 February 5, 2013 Failure turned into Success I failed many projects at work, some larger than others. One project that I failed was when I had to refill the push mower with oil. I almost made my starting time mistake by choosing the wrong type of oil for the mower, but luckily was smart to call my boss and choose the correct oil. My first mistake was to not to listen to what my boss said and clean off the dipstick before I started to refill the oil tank.By not doing this, I did not know the specific bar to how much to add. This mistake leads into my second mistake of adding too much oil to the mower. These two mistakes ruined the mower and costing the company to buy a bracing push mower. I could and should have done many things different to avoid this problem. The main thing that I should have done different is to ask soul to help guide me through the process of adding oil instead of teaching the process to myself, which ultimately cost the com pany more money.I, as a Christian project manager, should have many standards to evaluating software development projects. When evaluating, I should ask to myself whether the project is honoring to God. When I say that, I mean is the project representing the stylus Christians live their lives for Christ. Is the project appropriate to God and acceptable for anyone to accomplish? In 1 Thessalonians 4, it talks about urging or pushing believers to live a sustenance kind to God. Then it goes on to talk specifically about the life believers should be living.The way that I am told to be living my life should also be displayed in the projects that I create. The projects should be an encouragement to others when they use it and should help to benefit others lives. This project also should be an modeling to how believers live their lives. 1 Timothy 412 helps encourage that mindset by talking about how believers should set an example for others in speech, conduct, love, faith, and purity. Overall, when evaluating projects, they should be pleasing to the Lord, be an example, and influence others positively when using them.Basing my mistakes on the standards by which to live by, my project would still be considered a failure. It would be a failure because I did not listen to my boss, which is disobedience and that is not pleasing to the Lord. Ruining a mower is not a good example to my other work colleagues either. I should have been smarter in the way I handled the project and thought about how to have the project run efficient and productive. My disobedience resulted in failure of the complete project and making the companys reputation increase negatively.Moses would probably say that about 45% of the send off was completed on time. The percentage is not very high because of the Israelites causing problems with their attitudes and doubts on God. Also, the Israelites did not have much faith in Moses leading them and this caused many problems in trying to get the pl an completed. From Moses perspective, I think he would say that the journey to Mount Sinai and getting the Ten Commandments written was completed late because of the actions of the Israelites.Since the Israelites became impatient with Moses and making a favourable calf, it slowed down the entire process of getting the Ten Commandments written. Moses could have taught Aaron stronger principles in keeping Gods people under control while he was at Mount Sinai. If Aaron was stronger and not so willing to make false gods, the process of the Ten Commandments being written would have been completed quicker. Source for timeline http//www. bibleview. org/en/Timelines/20_1800BC-1400BC. html

Being Young in Hackney

The best thing ab come forth being young in hackney carriage is that there atomic number 18 so many different places to go to and explore in the borough, such as libraries, parks, museums, cinemas, farms and more. These places give mint somewhere to go during their free time or on the weekends when theyre not busy, that are close to their homes.The Hackney Library, located in the heart of Hackney, provides a place for young tribe to have access to computers and internet, show up quietly or only if to hang out with their friends. at that place is a large selection of books to read, from childrens gay picture books to adult drama novels. The library is divided into a childrens contribution and an adult section. The adult section is much quieter than the childrens section, everyone concentrates on their own book.Theres a news stand with all the current stories to keep us up to date with whats been going on around the world. There is also an entertainment section where you quit e a little rent films and CDs. The childrens section is much louder. There are several computers so children can play games, finish homework or just to instant message their friends online. Quite a lot of people go to the library after school.Hackney is one of the verdancyest boroughs in London. There are many parks in the borough including London Fields, Springfield Park and Victoria Park. People go to parks for jogs, walking their dogs, picnics or just to get some fresh air. Parks are places where young people go to hang out with their friends and play on the swings and slides. Parks are also a great places to meet new people and socialize with them. Sometimes there may be events at the parks. There are many organisms inhabiting the green areas, for example birds, squirrels, and insects. The trees in the parks give out oxygen. There is also Hackney Empire, located in Mare street. People go to the theatre for entertainment, they enjoy limiting all the performances.Hackney City rear is a local farm in Shoreditch. The farm brings the fieldside to the inner-city community. Entry to the farm is free. There is a full range of farm animals pigs, cattle, sheep, chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, rabbits, guinea pigs and other animals. Animal produce is sold including milk, eggs and yarn. The farm brings country life to urban people. There is also a large garden where you can help represent and grow things.The farm is a good place for families and schools to visit.The cinema is a place for watching films on a big scrren. Young people and families enjoy going to the cinema. During the weekends young people go with their friends to watch a film, it is a place for them to go when they have free time. People want loud practice of medicine and laughter for entertainment. Some people prefer to stay at home and watch television instead. There is only one cinema in Hackney, Rio in Dalston.Markets in Hackney are usually displace and exciting. Popular markets in the bor ough include Broadway Market and Dalston Market. Markets sell almost everything, from cheese to clothes

Elements of leadership development and it’s importance

A leader is not born in a single day, neither is he found in your neighbors house. The Leader is in you. Like every living thing needs food for growth so do the leaders qualities need some nourishment to develop. For its development we need to work on all the important elements that are required to become a great leader. This theory applies not only to an individual unless to an cheek too. After all it is the individual who constitutes the organization therefore the principles which we apply to keep success in our lives nookie be used, to get success in an organization too.To start off, we essential first and foremost treat with Personal Empowerment. Every human being, every society, every congregation or organization is not forfeit from faults and mistakes. Weakness is found in everyone. Now, what matters the most is overcoming those, by making right practices and adopting nifty habits, along with good choices.The more you cut, the more you realize how much you do not kno w-the less you know, the more you think you know-David T. Freeman. Another factor which would empower us in true sense, which is infallible for leadership, is knowledge. If you dont know a vital piece of information, then find it out. Ask, get the facts, you need to take refreshed decisions. Knowledge gives you power. Ignorance puts you at the mercy of others. Another important lesson to be learnt in this segment called personal dominance is learning to say a yes to opportunities. Every individual and organization needs to get out of their retreat and experience everything that gets into their way in a bold manner.Moving on to our second element -Control. acquisition To control is necessary for developing Leadership skills. Self-control (a form of control) is vital, one must know that he has control over his own leadership skills and can develop them. Same can be utilize to an organization, it has control over its own actions, on performing the right set of actions, and one ca n succeed a lot.About Control- Leadership Development Leader Robin Sharma says-When things get difficult its more important than to pursue excellence, is to focus on things that you can control. Take control of things that you can do and execute them brilliantly. Then go home and let it go. So, when you are in charge of a group you must also know how much of control is healthy for a group too. If one tries to get control on all the activities, then he powerfulness be regarded as a terrible Leader. Control must never be in excess amounts so as to frustrate.Freedom- one might wonder, as to, what freedom has to do with leadership. Soon our doubts would be cleared. A book called Leadership Development in Balance has to say that-I believe those leaders who find ways to create broader amounts of freedom grow in trust have more sustainable success over time. Of course, to provide freedom, people must be willing and able to accept it and to use that freedom for the right means and ends. This shows how freedom is necessary to take an action and also to reach ones goals.But with freedom comes-Responsibility. A leader is liable to perform his duties. A leader has to take accountability of his debt instrument. There may be a leaving in the level of responsibility, but we have our own set of responsibilities which we have to attend to and address.This in ferment must help us to develop ethics .The Center for Ethical Leadership suggests that-Core set are what motivate every individual and shared core set are the foundation for agreements and co-operation among different people, says Pat Hughes, Director of curriculum development for The Center. Ethics are vital for leadership because, these values create an impression on other people primarily. The other elements do create an impression but it is ethics which is most visible.Hence, we have discussed the importance and necessity of each of the elements i.e. personal empowerment, freedom, ethics, control and social responsibility for leadership development.REFERENCEOn personal empowerment http//www.getrichslowly.org/blog/2007/06/16/developing-self-reliance-personal-empowerment Quote of Freeman http//www.mind-trek.com/ On Ethics http//humanresources.about.com/od/leadership/leadership_development.htm http//www.leader-values.com/Content/detail.asp?ContentDetailID=33 http//www.impactfactory.com/p/leadership_ethics_skills_training_development/friends_1547-11105-65192.html On control

Criticisms of IMF

The fund believes it is fulfilling the tasks assigned to it promoting b all told told-shaped constancy, helping development countries in transition win not only stability but a the like growth. I believe, however, that it has failed in its mission, that the failures be not tho accidental but the consequences of how it has understood its mission. This is what Stiglitz pronounces in his book, and is too his platform on how he feels ab emerge the worldwide M angiotensin-converting enzymetary investment firm. He believes that the IMF has a narrow view stating that what the financial community views as good for the global economy is good for the global economy and should be done.Stiglitz criticizes that the IMF has done great damage to the countries wherein they impose economic policies that must be followed in order to qualify for an IMF loan, or for loans from banks and opposite private- empyrean l containers that look to the IMF to depict whether a borrower is credit entryworthy. Stiglitz argues that the world(prenominal) Monetary investment comp any(prenominal) and its officials stick ignored the ramifications of having incomplete information, inadequate commercializes, and unworkable situations, all of which are oddly present characteristics of revolutionaryly developing countries.Stiglitz states that the worldwide Monetary caudex called for policies that conform to luculent textbook economics, however, they do not make sense to the country that the policies are going towards to provide relief. Stiglitz seeks to shew that the consequences of these misguided policies bind been disastrous, not just according to abstract statistical measures but in hearty human suffering, in the countries that mystify followed the. (Stiglitz, 2003).The most traditional and perhaps best-kn profess IMF policy passport is for a country to cut political science spending or raise taxes. Either one of these actions, or two would be manipulationd to bal ance a countrys budget and eliminate the need for establishment borrowing. Most people believe that a cover of g all overnment spending is wasteful anyway. Stiglitz accuses the IMF for reverting to Herbert Hoovers economics in imposing these policies on countries during deep recessions.The deficit, at this time, is mostly the core of a stimulated veritable(a)fall in r level(p)ues. Stiglitz argues that cuts in spending or tax hikes only make the downturn worse. He also emphasizes the social cost of cutting back on various kinds of political sympathies programs, such as eliminating diet subsidies for the curt, which Indonesia did at the IMFs request in 1998, only to be engulfed by food riots. Anformer(a) standard IMF recommendation is high gratify rates, which make deposits and other assets denominated in the currency much attractive to hold.Most countries go to the IMF be act they unwrap themselves having trouble maintaining the exchange value of their currencies. Stiglit z argues that the high interest rates imposed on many countries by the IMF have made their economic downward spirals even worse. Countries are intended to battle flash that was not a serious problem to begin with. Stiglitz repeatedly declares that the IMFs policies stem not from economic analysis and bill but from ideologyspecifically, an ideological commitment to free markets and a concomitant antipathy to presidency. In part, Stiglitz complaint is that the International Monetary strain did not understand or even try to understand, his and other economists supposititious work depicting that markets that are pretty often unregulated do not necessarily chuck up the sponge positive results when information or market structures are incomplete (Stiglitz, 2003). A country that currently has loans from the International Monetary Fund is the country of Venezuela. Venezuela low gear negotiated an economic program with the International Monetary Fund in the year of 1989. In the mid 1970s, vegetable oil prices soared and seemed unstoppable.Venezuela is a country genuinely rich in oil, so at this time, they accumulated a lot of money from oil revenues, but also from loans from international banks. The government then used this money to expand state-owned industries, however, the government ended up supporting the to the lowest degree effective enterp rotates, which came to rely on government credits and direct subsidies. Government investments were fruitless from 1974 1989. As government expenses continue to increase, the gross domestic product grew very little as a ratio of the government expenditures.The overabundance amount of money supply, created by government spending, raised the price index by a component of 15, interest rates 3. 7 times and the devaluation of the national currency by a factor of 10, all happening during the same period. In addition to all of this, Venezuelas strange debt increase to a evidence level of $33 billion and their payme nts could not be honored. Venezuela undertook negotiations with the IMF when they were under all of this pressure from the decreasing oil prices and the rapidly rising interest rates on their immense foreign debt.They had tried to borrow money to finance some of their debt however, the international markets had been apprehensive for Venezuela had refused to work with the IMF. Venezuela had first turned to American banks for proposed finance because it did not want to agree with an economic program with the International Monetary Fund. The International Monetary Fund percipient a loan of about $453 million to the country of Venezuela. Officials declared the loan as a first installment of what is expected to be a credit package that may total as much as $4.6 billion from the international berth to support Venezuelas economic reform program over the next three age. They believe that Venezuelas economic allowance account program should encourage a secure reflow of private capital to the South American country. The planned economic reforms were aimed at freeing and unifying Venezuelas foreign exchange rates, deregulating interest rates and opening the countrys economy to foreign trade by removing quotas and tariffs. The austerity program is the price that Venezuela had to pay for the aid in financing from the IMF.Domestic interest rates were allowed to rise substantially and the government had cut several important subsidies as part of a proposed economic program with the IMF. Since Venezuela agreed on an economic program with the IMF, commercial bankers seem a lot much ready to compromise with them. The IMF reform program included many policies. As a result The per capita gross domestic product fell around 8% from 1989 to 1993 the inflation index rose almost 10 fold the outstanding foreign debt increased by $5 billion and the banking crisis that burst out in 1994 erased 10% of the GNP and $6 billion of the countrys international reserves. What the Venezue lan government basically did was sign an agreement that led to a transfer of money from private sectors to the pockets of the wasteful government. The government attempted to balance its accounts through its citizens, by change magnitude the taxes and increasing the interest rates. Little oversight was apt(p) to increasing the productive capacity of the nation, but was all focused on the pecuniary demands of the state. In recent years, Venezuelas economy has bygone from bad to worse. Its deterioration corresponded with the implementation of policies recommended by the International Monetary Fund.Venezuela has gone through two IMF aid packages start out in 1989. Since the implementation of the most recent package in 1996, Venezuelas interest rates have more than doubled to 68 percent annually. The national currency, the Bolivar, has been dissipated by 94 percent, accumulated inflation has reached 218 percent and production output has stalled. Capital flight has languid more t han $2 billion from Venezuelas international reserves, which are much lower now, than they were before the International Monetary Fund package was signed.The fiscal deficit has been declared unmanageable and Venezuelas stock market is down more than 50 percent. This downward spiral was the result of the tax increases, devaluation, few privatizations and public assist rate hikes in the 1996 IMF package. The repeated devaluations have increased be to the private sector and ignited inflation. The IMF also allowed the government to delay reforms of ineffectual state hospitals and public schools. In the case of the country of Venezuela, Stiglitzs criticisms of the IMF do apply.The IMFs policies do not choose into account the economic and social circumstances that currently go in the country where it is applied to. As per usual, the International Monetary Fund used its traditional methods on Venezuela. Increase taxes, and have higher interest rates. The positive effects of any loan ob tained from the IMF or other financial institutes are useless because of the collection of interest and the rising interest rates. For developing countries such as Venezuela, the benefits from an agreement with the IMF cannot be seen for the large burden of clearing away their large foreign debt blocks their view.The IMF did not take into consideration the social insinuations that would be caused when such harsh adjustment measures are put into operation. The poor are always the most affected. Their frustration was seen in Venezuela, as outbreaks of violence. The Venezuelan currency kept worldness adulterate constantly therefore workers had to pay more for their essential needs, as their wages began to decline. The unemployment rate would then rise and that is why it is no surprise to why the people of Venezuela turned to violence. When bitterness and despair take hold, sometimes violence may be the only way to be heard.It becomes imperative in times like this to have concrete n egotiations on a debt plan to achieve a substantial reduction in debt and in interest payments. While losing many of its systemic functions, the Funds operations during the 1980s became henpecked by dealing with the debt difficulties faced by a relatively small group of highly obligated(predicate) developing countries. All the Funds lending was to developing countries, and the majority of it was to the highly indebted(predicate) countries, even though the majority of architectural plans remained with low-income countries.The Fund frequently became depicted as a development agency fling concessional assistance to developing countries. Even some of its staff bemoaned what they saw as the loss of its monetary characteristics and thus much of its financial reputation (Finch, 1988). The least subtle criticisms of this type tended to use the phrase development agency almost as a term of abuse. What the Fund was doing was perceived as macrocosm bad in and of itself. The more subtle cri ticism was that the Fund had largely been pushed by political pressure into lowering its own financial standards.The criticism here was not so much that development assistance is inappropriate, but kind of that the IMF is an inappropriate institution through which to give it. This argument sees it as important to retain the revolving character of Fund resources, as well as the Funds short-term monetary perspectivefeatures, so it is claimed, that testament be lost if the Fund is forced to lend over the presbyopic term on the fanny of unviable programmes and unachievable targets. The plea has been strongly articulated to let the IMF be the IMF (Finch, 1988).An extension of this argument is that unsuccessful programmes impart damage the reputation and credibility of the Fund and obstinately affect its catalytic role. The claim that financial standards have been sacrificed is intimately related to the debt crisis. In essence, it is that the governments of countries where the priva te banks are located, and in particular the United States, encouraged the Fund to lend to the highly indebted countries in order to reduce the probability of default. In the early years of the debt crisis, the argument could be made that such action was sustaining the stability of the international banking system.But as the banks themselves adjusted to the crisis by reducing their exposure, strengthening their capital adequacy, provisioning, and expanding other lines of business, this systemic argument for lending by the IMF disappeared. Even critics who move up the issue from a rather different angle, having more in common with the traditional criticisms of Fund conditionality, have concluded that the main beneficiaries of Fund lending to highly indebted developing countries during the 1980s were the international banks.Simply put, the claim is that it was positive net transfers from the Fund that financed negative net transfers with the banks. This is a claim that is at least sup erficially consistent with the evidence at aggregate level, but it is not an interpretation that finds ready acceptance in public at leastinside the Fund, where the accusation that it had bailed out the banks has been, often staunchly, rejected. Yet the criticism that the Fund failed in its dealings with the highly indebted countries during the 1980s has more dimensions to it than this.First, there is the argument that, along with others, the Fund mis construe the very spirit of the debt crisis by treating it either as a liquidity crisis or as one of short-term internal adjustment rather than as a more deep-seated problem of structural adjustment which required important supply-side responses as well as the appropriate management of demand. This meant that the Fund opted to support new financing which assisted countries in meeting their outstanding debt-servicing obligations but which did little to compensate specialty-term viability to their balance of payments.The nature of the programmes supported by the Fund has, in relation to this, been criticized for an overemphasis on devaluation resulting from a desire to strengthen the tradable sector of the economy and thereby to facilitate debt servicing, and an over-ambitious attempt to achieve stabilization and liberalization simultaneously. A long-standing misgiving associated with the use of devaluation is that a shift in the nominal exchange rate will fail to alter the historical exchange rate because of the inflation it generates.Devaluation is seen as destroying the nominal anchor, or to use the older slang reserve discipline, that a fixed exchange rate provides. Is this not a particular worry in highly indebted countries where the inflation record is frequently very poor and where the reputation of governments as inflation fighters is often weak? Just as the counter-inflationary merits of fixed exchange rates were being acknowledge and accentuated in the context of the European Monetary System, were they not being run outed by the IMF?Critics of the Funds approach to conditionality at bottom the highly indebted countries have argued that, whereas devaluation may certainly be appropriate in some circumstances it may be inappropriate where the fiscal deficit is under control and where the income redistributive effects, particularly in name of lowering the urban real wage, spark off political unrest and measures to restore real wages. In these circumstances, the price of non-tradeables may also rise, with the result that the relative price effect of devaluation on the internal terms of trade is lost.The dangers of a vicious circle, whereby inflation leads to devaluation which then leads to further inflation, have long been acknowledged in Latin American economies where there is a legacy of rapid inflation and a low degree of money illusion. Indeed, in the context of forward-looking models of economic policy which emphasise the richness of the governments reputation, the viciou s circle can take on an additional twist.Here the use of devaluation redress a governments anti-inflation credentials private agents anticipate devaluation and mark up prices ahead of it the inflation thereby caused itself forces the government to devalue. Expectations become self-fulfilling and generate their own internal dynamics. The Fund has also been seen as being over-ambitious. Its stabilisation and liberalisation objectives have been interpreted as paying inadequate regard to the potential inconsistencies that may exist between them.Within developing countries, in particular, revenue from tariffs may be an important element in total government income. Tariff reduction can therefore exert a world-shaking adverse impact on the fiscal balance unless this source of revenue is replenished by other tax changes. establish suggesting a falling rate of success in achieving programme targets is cited as supporting the claim that Fund-supported programmes in highly indebted countries have been unrealistic.In the case of intermediate targets, relating, for example, to aspects of credit creation, such a record reflects an increasing problem of non-compliance. Countries have often simply not complied with strategic elements in Fund-supported programmes. Some authors have once again sought to explain this phenomenon in terms of the specifics of the debt problems with which highly indebted countries have been faced, the argument being that Fund-supported programmes have offered little domestic rate of return. The principal beneficiaries have instead been private foreign creditors.The distribution of the costs and benefits of the programmes has established a set of incentives that is antagonistic towards a high degree of compliance. The debt overhang has had the effect of debilitative Fund conditionality through acting as a tax on necessary reforms, with one implication being that it has become increasingly difficult to muster the necessary domestic political suppo rt for such reforms (Sachs, 1989 Krugman, 1988). In this context it is claimed that debt relief is unavoidable to create the necessary incentive structure to adjust.The Fund has been criticised for flunk to recognise this. Indeed, its policy of assured financing, whereby IMF support was predicated on countries continuing to meet their outstanding obligations to the banks, has been interpreted as systemically discouraging the provision of debt relief by the banks and thereby impeding the resolution of the debt crisis. At the beginning of the crisis the Fund had some success in encouraging new commercial money inflows by making these a precondition of its support, but this insistence faltered as the banks reluctance to lend became more pronounced.Moreover, it is argued that the Funds inappropriate approach to the debt problem was reflected by its apparent neglect of the distinction between new financing and debt reductiona distinction which was being accentuated in the academic lite rature as the 1980s progressed (Krugman, 1988). Critics suggested that this neglect again showed the Fund as being primarily concerned with cash flow rather than medium and longer-term problems.Yet, even in a short-run context, the different expectational responses to new money and debt reduction can cause different effects, with new money leading to further indebtedness and therefore the prospects of additional domestic fiscal and monetary problems. Statements emanating from the Fund about its own perception of its role in the debt crisis tended to side-step these analytical issues and stick with broader organizational ones, which emphasized its strategic importance as an honest broker or catalyst (Nowzad, 1999).The Fund set forth its objective as that of normalising creditor-debtor relations and restoring country access to sustainable flows and spontaneous lending. The means to this end were to be vigorous and sustained adjustment efforts by the debtors, and a co-operative conce rted approach involving creditors, the Paris Club, commercial banks and the trade credit agencies. While recognising that progress had been uneven and vulnerable, by the mid-1980s the Fund was interpreting its overall record on the debt problem as encouraging (Nowzad, 1999).At the same time, however, critics were assessing that, the IMFs recent record in the debtor countries is one of failure (Sachs, 1989a). Such disagreement persists because there is no universally accepted set of criteria by which the Fund may be judged. Apart from anything else, there is always the basic problem of the counterfactual what would have happened if the Fund had done things differently?Accepting this difficulty, a superficial review of the empirical evidence suggests that the Funds record in terms of dealing with the debt problem of the 1980s was, at best, mixed. Certainly it managed to help forfend a major systemic international financial failure and this was no small achievement. But, by other cri teria, no substantial or sustained degree of success can be claimed. By the end of the ex, creditor-debtor relations had not been normalised, and access to spontaneous lending had not been restored.Indeed, the creditworthiness of the highly indebted countries, as be by the secondary market price of their debt, had continued to fall net transfers to highly indebted countries were suave meaningfully negative a concerted and co-operative approach to the debt problem had not emerged most debt indicators failed to show any notable or sustained improvement and macroeconomic performance in the highly indebted countries was poor and often deteriorating, with forward-looking indicators such as the investment ratio and import volume suggesting bleak prospects for the 1990s.Even IMF-specific indicators were discouraging, with declining programme compliance, rising arrears and the increasing use of waivers. Episodic successes existed but the overall picture was not reassuring. During a deca de in which open economy macroeconomics became more sophisticated, the accusation was increasingly made that the model underpinning the Funds operations had failed to be modified and that it was out of date and inappropriate. look for of an excellent academic standard conducted indoors the Funds own Research Department was, according to this view, no longer having a significant operational impact.Indeed, and again at a superficial level, the empirical evidence seemed to suggest that the conventional burlesque of a Fund-supported programme involving a combination of exchange rate devaluation and the deflation of aggregate demand through credit control was more accurate during the 1980s than it had been before (Edwards, 1989). At the same time as Fund-supported programmes were being criticised for lacking intellectual sophistication, evidence as to their adverse social and human implications was also being more systematically collected and coherently presented (Cornia et al., 1997 Demery and Addison, 1997).Increasing infant mortality and morbidity, malnutrition and falling life expectancy were now being attributed, at least in part, to IMF-backed programmes. And the design of programmes which emphasised reduced government expenditure rather than increased tax revenue was being seen not only as endangering important welfare schemes in developing countries, but also as reflecting the dominant current politico-economic paradigm within the developed countries, where the role of the state was under stark review.This in turn highlighted another areathe sequencing of reformin which the Fund came in for criticism. Merely designing an appropriate programme of policies was now seen as inadequate more consideration needed to be given to the order and inter-temporal distribution of elements of an adjustment programme, particularly as even research conducted within the Fund itself was beginning to suggest that Fund-supported programmes could have a negative effect on outp ut, at least in the short run (Khan et al., 1996 Vines, 1990).Earlier models, which formed the basis for financial programming within the Fund, most notoriously the Polak model, had basically assumed away such an effect by making output exogenous. Yet even the more outspoken critics of the Funds handling of the debt crisis suggest that its approach changed towards the end of the 1980s, particularly afterward Michel Camdessus took over as Managing Director in 1987.This change of approach found expression in terms of a softening attitude towards debt relief, a change in the treatment of arrears, with the Fund becoming ready to make loans while countries were in arrears with the banks, and an increasing concern for the effects of Fund-supported programmes on income distribution and the related light that income distributive effects might be important in determining the political, and therefore practical, feasibility of programmes.Although criticisms subdued remained, for example th at the Fund placed too much reliance on voluntary forms of debt reduction which, given the associated free rider problems, should instead be treated as a public good, they became slightly more muted. If the Fund was still not coming up with right answers, at least, according to some critics, it seemed to be asking more relevant questions. Moreover, some of the broader criticisms relating to the input of the Research Department were suspended awaiting the impact of the involution of a new Managing Director.On top of this there appeared to be a growing acceptance that macroeconomic stability was a necessary precondition for sustained economic development, and this took some of the sting out of the old weigh about IMF conditionality. At the beginning of the 1990s private capital began to return to some of the lightly indebted countries, to the extent that some commentators claimed that the Latin American debt crisis was over. This was not the case in Africa, and it is unclear as to h ow significant the Funds input was in generating capital inflows. References Cornia, G. A. , Jolly, R. and Stewart, F. (eds) (1997) appointment with a Human Face Protecting the susceptible and Promoting Growth, Oxford Oxford University Press. Demery, Lionel and Addison, Tony. 1997. The Alleviation of Poverty Under Structural Adjustment, Washington, DC World Bank. Edwards, S. 1989. The International Monetary Fund and the maturation Countries A Critical Evaluation, Carnegie Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 31. Finch, David C. 1988. Let the IMF be the IMF, International Economy, January/February. Krugman, Paul. 1988. Financing versus Forgiving a Debt Overhang. Journal of Development Economics 29.Khan, Mohsin, Montiel, Peter and Ul Haque, Nadeem (1996) Adjustment with Growth Relating the Analytical Approaches of the World Bank and the IMF, World Bank Discussion Paper, Washington, DC World Bank. Nowzad, B. (1999) The Debt conundrum and the IMFs Perspective, in Graham Bird (ed. ), Third World Debt The Search for a Solution, capital of the United Kingdom Edward Elgar. Sachs, Jeffrey D. 1989a. Strengthening IMF Programmes in Highly Indebted Countries, in C. Gwin and R. Feinberg (eds).The International Monetary Fund in a Multipolar World Pulling Together, US-Third World Policy Perspectives No. 13, Washington, DC Overseas Development Council. Sachs, Jeffrey D. 1989b. Conditionality, Debt Relief, and the Developing area Debt Crisis, in Jeffrey D. Sachs (ed. ), Developing Country Debt and Economic Performance, Vol. 1. International Financial System, Chicago, IL University of Chicago Press. Stiglitz, Joseph E. 2003. Globalization and its Discontents. refreshing York Norton. Vines, David. 1990. Growth Oriented Adjustment Programmes A Reconsideration, London Centre for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper No. 406, March.

Edward Estlin Cummings Essay

Edward Estlin cummings was born on October 14, 1894 in Cambridge, Massachusetts to donnish parents who early on encouraged him to develop his creative gifts (Everett). His was a happy childhood he grew up in a spacious, sunny house, his neighborhood was full of children who roamed the nearby woods and played baseball during summertime or skated on a local pond in the winter (Berry, 8). When he grew up, he adjudge the impact his parents had on him, stating that it had been my joyous fate and supreme good fortune to belong to such family (Berry, 8). accord to Reef, Estlin once said I did not decide to become a poet I was always piece of writing poetry (5). He did not originally start writing in the form for which he is dress hat known today. When he was young, he wrote poetry and produced pencil drawings. His love of language was encouraged by his m other, who do up word games to encourage his creativity (Blanchard and Falcetti, 58). At the same time, his poetry is filled with de scriptions and images of personality, born(p) elements, and natural processes (Parekh). He took his fathers pastoral background and used it to preach in many of his other poems (Eich).Estlin graduated from Harvard for his BA and MA studies. His travels took him to different places around the world. When war broke out betwixt US and Germany in 1917, Estlin joined a Red Cross unit in France as an ambulance driver (Reef, 29). There, he and a friend were imprisoned on suspicion of espionage (www. poets. org). This experience resulted in his novel, The Enormous Room. He in addition traveled throughout Europe, where he met poets and artists including Pablo Picasso. He divided his life between Paris and Greenwich Village, and later between the Village and his New Hamsphire farawaym (Schmidt, 85).He became widely known as a whimsical and data-based poet (www. who2. com) whose radical use of form, punctuation, spelling and syntax, abandoning traditional techniques and structures created a new, highly idiosyncratic means of poetic face (www. poets. org). In addition, the landscape of New England with its animals, fields and forests influenced his poetry and infused it with images from the natural world (Shuman, 318). As Shuman succinctly heading out His poetry combines a childs enthusiasm for the wonders of the natural world with a advance(a) adults wariness of official positions and conventional thinking (311).One such poem is the wondrous in just- . The poem quite simply is about the beginning of a new season in just-/ spring. In this poem, Estlin coins words, alters punctuations and invents his own typography. Thus, the poem itself represents creativity and how it spring from the earth (Phelan). The poem then continues on to headstone a picture of Spring and embodies the themes of innocence and childhood. This poem in particular embodies his view, where Estlin himself explains In so far as a human being is an artist, skies and mountains and oceans and thun derbolts and butterflies are immeasurable and art is every mystery of nature (314-15).in Just- spring when the world is mud- luscious the little lame balloonman whistles far and wee and eddieandbill come running play from marbles and piracies and its spring when the world is puddle-wonderful the queer old balloonman whistles far and wee and bettyandisbel come move from hop-scotch and jump-rope and its spring and the goat-footed balloonMan whistles far and wee e. e. cummings WORKS CITED Berry, S. L. E. E. Cummings. Indiana The Creative Company, 1994. Blanchard, Mary Loving, and Cara Falcetti. Poets for juvenile Adults. New York Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. Cummings, E. E. 100 Selected Poems. Atlanta Grove Press, 1994. Cummings, E. E. Commentary on Life and Art by E. E. Cummings. New York October House, 1965. E. E. Cummings. Academy of American Poets. 12 declination 2008. E. E. Cummings. A Who2 Profile. 12 Dec 28. http//who2. com/ask/eecummings. html Eich, Marty. E. E. Cummings Biography. 12 Dec 2008. Everett, Nicholas. E. E. Cummings Life. March 2001. Modern American Poetry.Dec 2008. http//www. english. uiuc. edu/maps/poets/a_f/cummings/cummings_life. htm Parekh, Pushpa N. Nature in the Poetry of E. E. Cummings. Spring Volume 3 1994 63-71. Phelan, Julie. Poetry analysis in Just- by E. E. Cummings. 12 Dec 2008. Reef, Catherine. E. E. Cummings A Poets Life. New York Clarion Books, 2006. Schmidt, Michael. The Great Modern Poets. London Quercus, 2006. Shuman, Robert Baird Great American Writers. New York Marshall Cavendish, 2002.

The Man With the Scar Analysis

The story The human beings with the Scar I would like to speak nigh is written by W. Somerset Maugham who is one of the most popular and widely read English writers. He wrote novels, terse stories, plays and most of them had a dandy commercial success. W. Somerset Maugham traveled a lot during his life, he met different people, saw their lives so he gained a lot from his trips. Sometimes Maughams stories were thinly cloaked episodes involving his host or others he had met on his travels-circumstances that occasionally resulted in threats and lawsuits.The text for analysis is a short story. The main character is the storyteller who speaks about events from the first person. The secondary character is a friend of the storyteller, we discern nothing about him his name, age, his prof, etc. Hes just a affiliate which answers the germs questions but he also plays a particular role in the story, because the author reproduces the life of the hu populace beings with the cicatrice wi th the help of his companion.The story takes place in The Palace Hotel at Guatemala city in rudiwork forcetary America. Author uses the Spanish language Que tal, general, Gracias for underlining the local coloring of the place and the nationality of the men which speak this language. The history begins with the description of the scar on the mans face. Author uses epithets like broad and red, a great crescent thats why storyteller notices this man, because of his scar, and immediately he tries to understand why this scar appeared on his face.Author gives us a mans appearance and characteristic features using epithets undistinguished features, artless boldness what about mans appearance He wears a very shabby grey suit, a khaki shirt and a battered sombrero. From this description given by storyteller we can tell that the man with the scar could be a military man, maybe Spaniard but a poor man. His subject consists of selling lottery tickets. Than the author introduces a little d ialogue amidst authors companion and the man with the scar.The tone of their conversation shows us affably mood. Companion is interested in the life of the man with the scar, his business, calls him general and treats him, offers a brandy. The next passage tells us a sad story about the Man with the Scar. We get to know he was a general, he was able to upset the government but he was tried by court-martial and was sentenced to be shot ay dawn. Author gives us two descriptions. The first shows us the night before the execution. The men were playing poker and the author underlines that he general, hed never had such a run of bad luck in his life speaking about poker. This vocalize tells us about true character of the man, because he was condemned to remainder at the dawn, what could be worst? further no for him not be winner in poker is important. I think he authentic his destiny and he lived one day one night. Then storyteller describes the day after the night. The day of the ex ecution. The men were led into the patio of the goal and placed against the wall, the five of them aide by side.The men were wait for the generals arrival, and the man with the scar as an optimist said that than he had the time to smoke some other cigarette and added that the general was always unpunctual. This phrase tells us that our character knows the general very well. The general arrived and asked men their last wish. Four of the five shook their heads but our friend accepted. The author introduces the little dialogue between the general and the man.From this dialogue we get to know about the last wish of the man with the scar, he craved to see his wife, which was waiting for him at the prison door, for theorizeing to her good bye. The general accepted. While our friend was heater his last cigarette the four men were executed. The storyteller give us the description of the wife she was in black, with a veil over her hair, and her face was dead white. It was clear she was shaking with a fear. The author shows us her beauty, loveliness which was very attractive but which had short life.The man killed his wife, but so apace that nobody could understand how this had occurred. The author shows us the reaction of the other men and the A. D. C means general. Everybody was shake but nothing could be done. Shes dead the general concluded. Why did you do it? asked the general. I love her answered man. The general said at last It was a noble gesture and refused to execute him. So the death of the woman was the culmination point of the story. The wife dead for the sake of her husband.In conclusion I have to say this story begins with authors worrying about the scar on the face of the man and ends with the like question But how then did he get the scar? the narrator asked his companion Oh that was the due to a bottle that I burst when I was opening it .. a bottle of ginger ale And the authors answer I never liked it this shows us the frustration, the authors frustration of the cause of that scar why the scar appeared on his faceSo the scar had not been caused by a sabre or by a fragment of shell, no it had been caused by a bottle of ginger ale.

Newly diagnosed with Multiply Myeloma, information on your planned Essay

Newly diagnosed with Multiply Myeloma, in castation on your planned treatment with Lenalidomide 2 - Essay modelThere is also elevated levels of antibodies and also other plasma proteins.In vitro, effects of lenalidomide 2 involve direct anti-tumor action. It inhibits the microenvironment support for the thriving of the tumor cells. It plays an immunomudulary role. In vivo, it leads to the apoptosis of tumor cells both directly and indirectly. It does this by inhibition of support for bone marrow stromal cells. It also has anti-osteocaltrogenic, anti-angiogenic, and immunomodulary activities.The choice of chemotherapy would depend on factors such as the health of the patients, future ability to undergo stem cell transplantation, age and also disease characteristics that specify a high risk to MM. Treatment options for patients with high risk of multiple myeloma is indistinct. It is recommended that patients of that nature enrol in clinical trials.Patients who are unwilling to parti cipate in clinical trials would have a regimen that should allow a combination that has bortezomib. After initial chemotherapy, stem cell transplanataton is recommended. For standard risk MM, the treatment options allow in a drug without melphalan, such as lenalidomide 2 and dexamethasone (RD), or cyclophosphamide , dexamethasone and bortezomib (VCD). In type the patient would not undergo stem cell transplantation, treatment should include thalidomide, melphalan and prednisone (MPT) or prednisone, bortezomib and melphalan (VMP). Another suitable combination is lenalidomide 2, with dexamethasone in low doses (RD).Lenalidomide 2, an immunomudalting agent, is usually effective in the treatment of MM. It is most often used in combination with dexamethasone. The combination is taken in the form of pills for between 3 to 4 weeks, dexamethasone being taken weekly. Due to the tendency to lead to organisation of clots, warfarin or aspirin is given to reduce the risk.Kumar, S., Flinn, I.W ., Hari, P.N. et al (2009). Novel three- and four-drug combinations of bortezomib, dexamethasone,