Local Development Planning in the Philippines

at the local anesthetic Level A breedby SherylI. Fernando Local governments do not gain the luxury d of period to delay the culture of their de own capabilities whic will every survive(predicate)(a)ow them to ch achieve their cherishe objectives. ed They should help them mselves and not stagnate while the rest of the world go by. st Local governments he elping themselves is the essence of the home ru It is athe likes of the ule. alkali of democr ratic and just institutions. LOGODEF,1993 Local governments in the Philippines have th roots in the colonial administration of Spain, heir which lasted in the Philippines for some 32 old age. These lead centuries under Spanish 27 government were characterized by a exceedingly ce entralized regime. The Spanish governor brokerral in Manila genuinely governed the provinces and cities in the whole country. After Spain, the US d came in the proterozoic 1900s and Filippinized topical anaesthetic government administration. The last 5 0 years of the present century saw several developments towards decentralization. The Local Autonomy Act of 1959, the passage of the Barrio ingest and the decentralisation Act o of 1967 were all(a) incremental matter legisla ations in response to the clamour for a self? rule concept. The Philippine Constitutions of 1972 and 1987 in like manner signifi keistertly influenced the movement for political devolution.The most significant constitutional nutriment (Article 10 on Local Government) ar the pursuit s The intercourse shall enact a local government code which shall provide for a to a greater extent responsive and accountable local government construction instituted with a system of s decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative n and referendum allocate among the different local government m, units their powers, responsibilities and resources and provide for the qualificati ions, election, backbonement, removal, term, salaries, power functions and duties of local officials and all rs, early(a) matters relating to the organization and operation of the r local units. The legislative initiative promoting local auto onomy was strongly supported by academics and ordinary servants who spearheaded the nec cessary reforms in changing the structure and organization of local governments and includ in the altogether functions to enable local governments to ded address a changing environment. The strugg for decentralization that lasted more than 50 gle years culminated in the passage of the Loca Government Code in October 1991.The Local al Government Code is a most comprehensiv document on local government touching on ve structures, functions and powers, including tax xation and intergovernmental relations. unescap. org harmonizetoPanadero (2008)thedece entralizationofgovernancewasinfluenced bylocalandinternationalevents(seeFigure e1). He likewiseaddedthatatthe multinational Internat tionalEvents POSITIVE ? Technological Advances ? Globalization crisis ? grapple/Investment liberalization ? Poverty focus flu) policy-making 3 interchangesin administration EDSAII&III IncreaseInsurgency Terrorism employChange PoliticalUncertainty NEGATIVE ?Episodes of world sparing slowing & economic ? Rising oil prices ? Terrorism ? Heath problems (e. g. SARS, Eco onomic Boombu usteconomic growth/cr rises Liberaliza ation/ Deregular rization Policies RisingUr rbanization OFWDeployment Fiscal&d debtproblems DECENT TRALIZATION affable Persistentpoverty Lowerbudget allocation For mixer work Risinginequality catastrophes Figure1. scotch,Social&PoliticalEnvironme entinthe hold upYearsofDecentralization level, globalization has the most pervasive influence on the decentralization, which was hastened by trade and enthronement liberalization and technological advances.On the Social Sector, in that respect was a focus on the lessening of poverty on the economical Sector, the in the buff international issues su ch as terrorism had positive and controvert shock absorbers at the local level, while the economic scenario at the national level significantly shaped local development. The national government in the 1990 sought-after(a) to upgrade local government by 0s delegating some particular(a) powers to local su ubdivisions and by encouraging people to participate in society affairs. Local auto onomy was balanced, however, against the need to ensure effective political and admin nistrative mark off from Manila, especially in those beas where communist or Muslim ins surgents were active. During Marcoss authoritarian years (1 1972? 86), a Ministry of Local Government was instituted to invigorate provincial, mu unicipal, and barangay governments.But, Marcoss real purpose was to constitute lin of authority that bypassed provincial nes governments and ran straight to Malacanang. All local officials were beholden to Marcos, who could appoint or remove any provincial governor or townspeople mayor. Those administrators who delivered the votes Marcos asked for were rewarded with community development funds to spend any way they liked. y After the Peoples Power Revolution, the new Aquino government decided to replace all the local officials who had served Marcos. Corazon Aquino delegated this task to her political ally, Aquilino Pimentel. Pimentel named officers in charge of local governments all across the nation. They served until the first local elections were held under the new constitution on January 18, 1988.Local officials elected in 1988 were to serve until June 1992, under the transitory cla commits of the new constitution. Thereafter, terms of office were to be three years, with a three? term limit. Local government units (LGUs) argon territo orial political subdivisions of the Philippines that permit in provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays (the smallest political unit in the country). Because local government officials ar voted into power by the pe ople, their primary re role is peoples welf atomic number 18. Their offices are the major(ip) institutions obligated for the e coordination, overseeing and supervise of dev velopment exteriorises at the local level.The devolution of significant powers and functions formerly held by national rail pass agencies mmunity development and poverty alleviation in to LGUs made them powerful conduits for com the countryside. Among the responsibilities tr ransferred to the LGUs were agriculture, health, social services, environment and natural resources, maintenance of local home facilities (such as advance? to? market passageways, bridges and irri igation) and others. Local legislative powers such as determination? making, resource allocation, rule? m making and enforcement of laws related to these powers were also delegated to LGUs. GovernorLiliaG. Pinedameetswithbarangayofficialsof runed? municipalitiesintheprovinceassheinstructsthemtofurther intensifytheireffortsinensuringthewelfar eandsafetyoftheirr respectiveconstituents. BoardMemberCris Garbo, barbarian SocialWelfareand study built in bedr(PSWDO)ElizabethBayb bayan andAgricultureConsultantRoy royaljointhemeetingof thelocalofficials. (PhotobyJunJaso,Pampanga PIO) The intend act in starts at the barangay level. Plans are watchful by the Barangay Council, and whence adopted by the Barangay development Council, composed of barangay y officials elected by the people (Figure 2). Gene erally, barangay officials have completed only the elementary levels of schooling, and have little or no training in development? related activities.Hence, barangay development fancys ordinarily consist only of lists of suggests that focus mainly c on the infrastructure facilities that are the most obvious and easiest to identify. Some communities do have split up preparedness suee but these are rare. es, Level issue cookeryInstitutions field of studyEconomic exploitation Authority(NEDA), keyOffice regional NEDA,regiona lOffice Provincial Provincial supplyand ontogenyOffice(PPDO) municipal MunicipalPlanningand educationOffice(MPDO) Barangay Figure2. PlanningprocessandinstitutionsinthePhilippines BarangayCouncil/ Sangguniag Barangay Barangay development plans are submit tted to the Municipal Planning and Development Office (MPDO), which comes under the jurisdiction of the Office of the Mayor.The MPDO is in charge of plan activities at the municipa level. Generally, the MPDO consolidates the al shopping lists of projects and prioritizes them in accordance with the plans of the municipality. Before this consolidate plan bec comes the official Municipal Development Plan, it must first be adopted by the Municipal Develo opment Council. From the municipal level, plans are forwarded to the Provincial Planning and Development Office (PPDO) where they are again D consolidated and prioritized on the basis of the provinces own particular plans. e The provincial development plans are also reviewed by the P rovincial Development Councils before adoption.They are then sub bmitted to the internal Economic Development Authority (NEDA) Regional Office, which cons solidates all the provincial plans and prioritizes them, based on regional importance. The plans should also be reviewed by the Regional p Development Councils before adoption. The plans are then forwarded to the NEDA pennyral Office Inter? Cabi wage Coordinating Committee for consideration, together with the priorities of f the various government line agencies. Based on the national thrusts and priorities, the projects o that are selected are then consolidated and included in the National Medium? Term Development Plan. The Local Government Code (LGC) homophile ndates the LGUs with significant local planning functions.In particular, Section 106 of the Code provides that each LGU shall have e comprehensive multi? domainal development pla to be take upd by its development council and an O.K. by its Sanggunian. The institutional responsibilities for plan formulation, e financing and performance are likewise clearly g, prescribe by the Code ed ? The Loc Development Plan (LDP) shall be hustling by the cal Local Development Council (LDC) P ? The LDP will be approved by the Sanggunian ? Funds for the development plan shall be allocated by the Local Fin nance Committee (LCF) and ? The Loc drumhead Executive (LCE), together with the executive cal departm ments, will implement the development plan. This elusion study highlights the experience of undertaking a Priority e capital punishment coalition on incorporating mishap jeopardy impact sound judgments into the reflection of new courses in the Philippines, implemented by the National Disa aster Coordinating Council (NDCC) and subdivision of Public plant and Highways (DPWH) with support from Asiatic casualty forwardness Cent (ADPC), UN internationalistic Strategy ter for Disaster simplification (UN/I ISDR) and Swedish International Development C ooperation Agency (SIDA). Towards Mainstreaming Disaster run a risk Reduction into the Planning attend to of passage Construction Safer lanestead A Priority slaying alliance between the National Disaster Coordinating Council and the segment of Public Works and Highways, Philippines Under the Regional Consultative Committee on Disaster watchfulness (RCC) computer programme on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Development in Asia Road Sector a priority for mainstreaming cataclysm pretend reducingBACKGROUND The Regional Consultative Committee (RCC) on Disaster Management under its design on Mainstreaming misfortune find decrement into development (MDRD) have place Roads and Infrastructure, Agriculture, Education, Health, Housing and fiscal Services as priority sectors to initiate mainstreaming tragedy risk reduction . With the massive infrastructure development in Asia underpinned by the investment in highways, pathstead and bridges, prioritizing the Road Sec tor is for sure a necessity. In the RCC which comprises of heads of the National Disaster Management Offices of 26 Asian Countries, members had submitted expression of interest (EoI) to mainstream of disaster risk reduction into particular sectors depending on the development priorities of their country.The National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) of the Philippines which is a member of the RCC verbalised interest in taking-up MDRD into road sector in partnership with the plane section of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), the agency responsible for national road construction in the country. Accordingly in the first quarter of 2006, the Priority writ of execution Partnership for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into the planning process of road construction in the Philippines was started by NDCC and DPWH. The partnership was technically supported by the Asian Disaster Preparedness perfume (ADPC) with financial support from UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduct ion (UN/ISDR) through Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). ource Mapping Philippine Vulnerability to Environmental Disasters Manila lookout/Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Floods and temblors make the road system in the Philippines prone to landslides, road slips, embankment scouring and other sediment related disasters. Roads are often closed for several days when hit by such disasters causing disruption in transportation services that affects the approaching of passengers, goods and services. The impact of flooding and typhoons in creating havoc to the countrys parsimony as well as to wrongfulness to property is recognized in the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan of 2001-2004 and accordingly the DPWH has also aligned its policies and strategies.Priority Implementation Partnership ( make) a Process towards mainstreaming disaster risk reduction Similar to other countries, the Road sector in the Philippines also works in clo se collaboration with various government departments like Planning, Finance, Environment and Local Government. While the development of national roadstead (30,000 km of length) is under the jurisdiction of DPWH, the stay road network (172,000 km of length) falls under the concern of local government units. In addition, road projects are based on empyrean development plans produced by the National Economic Development Agency (NEDA) and the Regional Development Councils (RDC). Similarly the feasibility discovers prepared for each road project undergoes an environmental and a social impact assessment led by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).In range to mainstream disaster risk reduction, further collaboration is required with NDCC and technical agencies responsible for producing riskiness information related to natural disasters like the Philippines prove of vulcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), Philippines Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Se rvices Administration (PAGASA). A MULTI-AGENCY TECHNICAL running(a) GROUP TAKES THE LEAD With this understanding, the worst formed a technical on the job(p) sort out of the NDCC at the beginning with multi-agency membership to steer the process of implementation of mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into the planning process of road construction. part of road planning and identifying the windows of opportunity to introduce disaster risk reduction.Accordingly the mount of activities was exact as follows Documentation of quick procedure for development of road projects with respect to affects Documentation of contents of pre feasibility/ feasibility report of road projects in the country over the past 20 years abbreviation of past damage to road infrastructure Identification of specific go that can be taken for incorporating circumstances considerations in project development and approval process List of future priority projects for construction of roads in the Philipp ines. PIP Technical Working Group comprises Chairperson Planning service, DPWH Co-chairperson Planning division, NDCC Members Bureau of research and standard, DPWH Bureau of design and bridge division, DPWH Philippines Institute of Civil Engineer Department of Environment and Natural Resources Philippines Institute of volcanology and SeismologyPhilippines Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration Asian Disaster Preparedness midsection The technical working group met frequently over the PIP implementation period to look at the mentioned activities above and developed the final exam report which details recommendations for integrating DRR into the planning process of new road construction in the Philippines. BROADER CONSULTATION PIP LOOKED INTO The technical working group engaged in consultation and decided on the following activities for initiating mainstreaming. Since it was complete that the ultimate aim of mainstreaming could only be achieved by bringing change in the entire system, which road projects are developed, designed, constructed and maintained.Hence this particular partnership would emphasize on understanding the existing The findings of the PIP were shared during a national workshopheld in February 2007, in which a wide range of stakeholders particpated including the Government, technical agencies, UN agencies and the Asian Development Bank. The recommendations were discussed in detail and future travel were identify. The be sick Development of a typical infrastructure project in DPWH follows a cyclical process consisting of four varietys Project identification, Project readying, Project implementation and Project operation and evaluation. consolidated form, with limited access to detailed report on restitution and their corresponding costs. Also of equal importance is to benchmark take a chance intensities with their Return periods/Damages.This is curiously difficult out-of-pocket to lack of updated topo pictural maps at 15,000 or higher resolution, a sparse network of hazard monitoring stations (seismic and flood) as well as short monitoring period and limited processed data on hazards. The following key documents were collected during the project to conduct the abstract Standard Terms of extension service for strategical Environment Assessment for Plans and Programmes Standard Report Format for Strategic Environment Assessment for Plans and Programmes Sample of Damage Report DPWH District Office Sample of Consolidated Damage Report by NDCC Sample of pair condition Inspection Form Sample of Pre- Feasibility and Feasibility Reports of Road projects starting 1984 List of future projects of DPWHAfter the projects are identified, feasibility studies are conducted which includes investigations and analysis to determine the extent and degree of desirability of a project against technical, economic, social, environmental, financial and operational aspects. As part of this proje ct, sample feasibility reports over last 20 years were analysed in terms of content and it was realized that the structure of the report largely depends on the source of funding of the project. Typically due to lack of funding for construction of national road projects, DPWH administers a staple fiber feasibility study, but for foreign-assisted projects the assessment process is more in-depth and extensive.However, it was noted that agency 2000, the feasibility reports do tend to include a section on Review of hazard specific threats on road sections though it is principally limited to protecting the road segments from geological hazards such as landslides and detritus fall. In addition, DPWH feasibility study includes an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The EIA report structure considers the impact of hazards by defining an environmentally critical area of the project site where it is frequently visited by the natural hazards. However, it does not explicitly provide detail s on how to address natural hazard exposure and risks to infrastructure and the consequent impact from its damage or failure.Similarly, Cost-benefit analysis underwrite only the planned use of the facility and does not factor in other costs (risk based cost) arising from potential damage or mathematical failure of the structure to function to a certain event. Assessment of damages to roads affected by a natural disaster is carried-out by DPWH at the district level. There is no fixed format followed for store information needed for the assessment and the reports are directly sent to NDCC for the preparation of an overall disaster assessment report. Hence, it becomes difficult to trace these records at the regional or central offices of the DPWH. Similarly the damage information of past disasters useable from NDCC is in a It is also realized that since mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction involves a broad range of stakeholders, interrelated plans and programs, disaster ri sk reduction concerns need to be linked with ongoing projects of DPWH such as The earthquake rehabilitation program and similar seismic vulnerability assessments DPWH national roads improvement and management program, Phase II DPWH road maintenance investment programs The study on the nationwide flood risk assessment and the flood mitigation plan for the selected areas in the Philippines Technical Assistance for risk assessment and management Benefit monitoring and evaluation of selected roads, Phase II, ADB power construct Study on risk management for sediment related disaster on selected national highways Similarly close linkage needs to be established with the ongoing project of NDCC in partnership with UNDP on circumstances Mapping and Assessment for effective community-based disaster risk management (READY). depict FINDINGS DPWH adopts a basic one size fits all format for feasibility studies of road projects that does not specifically require assessment of disaster risks. During detailed design, disaster risk reduction aspects are incorporated into the project if required. broadly national budgets do not provide funds for surveys and investigations at the feasibility study stage, and it is therefore unusual for disaster risk reduction measures to be incorporated at early stages of project preparation. Externally funded projects are prepared to higher standards, particularly in relation to environmental assessments (where disaster risk aspects are described if required by the particular agency) and resettlement planning.There is left(p) application of building codes and design standards between national and local roads. absence seizure of one fixed format for collecting information on damage to roads and bridges from natural hazards prepared by district-level offices. Hydrological data are available for major river basins in the Philippines but these information have not uniformly been processed to provide flow/stage relationships for differe nt restoration periods, which could be used for road design. Learning The key to successful integrating of disaster risk reduction on road projects lies in the planning phase of the project cycle which includes project identification and preparation of the feasibility study.Assessing the possible impact on the project of natural disasters or other hazards at this stage means that the appropriate risk reduction measures can be included in the scope, layout and arrangement of the projects major componentsand that these measures will be allowed for in the cost estimate. If such measures are not included at the planning phase, their inclusion at the later stages is unlikely, or could be costly and inconvenient (i. e. possibly requiring a supplementary budget). Attempting to include risk reduction measures at the design stage (after major elements of the project have been decided and the budget has been allocated) cannot adequately satisfy the need for disaster risk reduction. Reco mmendations DPWH needs to have a standard on project identification and preparation procedures to eliminate quality discrepancies between nationally and outwardly funded projects and to pave the way for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction in road projects. Feasibility reports should include assessments of the impact of potential disasters. An enhanced natural hazard/impact assessment component should be included in the EIA for nationally-funded and foreign-assisted projects The existing system for monitoring road needs to be improved to allow for the recording of damage caused by natural disasters. Standard formats and reporting standards should be introduced for monitoring and for collecting damage data from the impact of natural disasters on roads.Capacity of staff to assess the impact of natural disasters needs to be increased, particularly at the regional and district levels. The key to successful integration of disaster risk reduction on road projects lies in the planning pha se Next Steps for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into road sector in the Philippines In order to take forward the momentum gained under the PIP, the technical working group has identified the following next steps to realize the recommendations Identifying two pipeline road projects in a hazard prone area of the Philippines. The two projects would be at different stages namely a pipeline project without a feasibility study and a pipeline project with a feasibility study completed.Integrating disaster risk reduction (DRR) into the planning process of two identified pipeline project. Capacity building of officials from DPWH responsible for conducting feasibility studies on how to integrate DRR. Experience of PIP incorporated in the RCC road map on mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into Infrastructure To share the experience gained during the process of implementation of the PIP with the remaining RCC member countries, the technical working group equal by DPWH and NDC C participated in a regional technical workshop on developing the RCC Guideline on incorporating disaster risk assessments as part of planning process before construction of new roads.The lessons learned from the PIP acted as the direct approaches for initiating mainstreaming disaster risk reduction. Regional Consultative Committee on Disaster Management (RCC) The RCC comprises of members who are working in key Government positions in the National Disaster Management Offices of countries of the Asian region. To date, 26 countries are represented by 30 RCC Members from the Asia and Pacific regions, namely, Afghanistan, Bangladesh Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor Leste and Vietnam.RCC Program on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Development Policy, Planning and Implementation in Asia (RCC MDRD ) A key priority identified by the RCC is the integration of disaster risk considerations into development planning. To initiate action on this agreed direction, the RCC Program on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Development Policy, Planning and Implementation (MDRD) was launched at the 4th RCC meeting in Bangladesh in March 2004. The RCC 5 adopted the Hanoi RCC 5 statement on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Development in Asian Countries which prioritizes mainstreaming of DRR to be initiated in National development planning process as well as Sectoral development.It identified six priority sectors namely Agriculture, Education, Health, Housing, Urban Planning and Infrastructure and Financial services for mainstreaming of DRR. The program has five components for implementation Component 1 underdeveloped Guidelines and Tools for MDRD Component 2 Undertaking Priority Implementation Partnerships (PIP) in MDRD in RCC Member Countries Component 3 Showcasing good practice on MDRD and observe Progress Component 4 Advocacy for Building awareness and Political Support to MDRD Component 5 Mobilizing Partnerships for ongoing and sustainable implementation Lay-out and graphic design by Philipp Danao The Hanoi RCC 5 statement identified the following sub themes within the Urban Planning and Infrastructure to initiate mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction For more information, please contact Aloysius Rego, Director and group Leader Email emailprotected net Arghya Sinha Roy, Project Manager Email emailprotected net Disaster Management Systems Team Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) P. O. Box 4 Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand Tel (66 2) 516 5900-10 Fax (66 2) 524-5350, 5360 Email emailprotected net website www. adpc. net Introducing Disaster Risk Impact Assessments into the construction of new roads and bridges Promoting the use of hazard risk information in land-use planning and zoning programsThis subject field study highligh ts the experience of undertaking a Priority Implementation Partnership on incorporating disaster risk impact assessments into the construction of new roads in the Philippines, implemented by the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) and Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) with support from Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC), UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ ISDR) and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). 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LOGODEF JournalonLocalGovernance.TowardsMainstreamingDisasterRiskReductionintothePlanningProcessofRoadConstruction PHOTOS Gov. meetswithbrgyofficials http//pampangacapitol. ph/2011/10/06/gov? meets? with? barangay? officials/ cory parody fromtheFilipinomindBobbyTuazon http//thefilipinomind. blogspot. com/2009/08/cora? aquino? how? politics? of? reform? lost. html Cover depictionbySherylFernando,documentor,ExecutivemanagementcourseforPSWDOsand MSWDOsinMindanao Areportsubmittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsin DevelopmentManagement in nDevelopmentOrganizations Submit ttedto Dr. JedidaL. Aquino Profe essor Submittedby SherylI. F Fernando MD DM